Dick and Carey's Instructional Design

Following nine stages should be considered while designing system approach of Dick and Carey’s model of instructional design.

 1. Identifying Instructional goal: In this stage we have to do need analysis of learner, we have to analysis learner’s position now and our target achievement of teaching. It has to be based on the need of the student, content of the subject. Once the need analysis has been established, goal can be created, A completed goal statement should include (a) the learners, (b) what the learners will be able to do in the performance context, (c) the performance context in which the skills will be applied, and (d) the tools that will be available to the learners in the performance context. 

2. Conducting Instructional Analysis: This step involves analyzing the learner’s characteristic, their prior knowledge, and any environmental or contextual factors that may affects the learning process. It is important to identify which domain instructional goal is linked to such as psychomotor, attitude, cognitive domain. The instructional designer most consider their characteristic such as age, educational background, prior knowledge, motivation and learning style. 

3. Analyzing the learner and context: While considering targe learner it is important to go beyond the context of learner. While designing curriculum the designer should consider the following about the target learner: skill prior to instruction, prior knowledge of the topic area, attitude toward content and potential delivery, academic motivation, education and ability levels, learning performance, group characteristics.

 4. Writing performance objectives: It is description of what the learner will able to do at the end of the instruction. It can be written in three parts: a) conditions b) behaviour c) criteria.

 5. Developing assessment instrument: In this stage we should focus on which types of assessment instrument we should be used. 

6. Instructional strategies and technique:An instructional strategy is a variety of teaching and learning strategies, which may include group discussions, independent reading, lectures, computer simulations, worksheets, lab work, and much more 

7. Developing and selecting instructional material: The instructional materials contain the content. This can be either written information or facilitated by an instructor that the student will use to achieve the objectives. This may include any materials that are being incorporated into a lesson.This may include student workbooks, activity guides, problem scenarios, resource lists, textbooks, or computer simulations.

 8. Designing and conducting formative evaluation: Formative evaluations can be completed in many ways. Examples may include: Questioning content, observations of learners, record analysis, interviews, self-assessments, short, quizzes, discussion 

 9. Designing and conducting Summative Evaluation: The main difference is the purpose for conducting an evaluation. Formative evaluations identify improvements needed during instruction, whereas summative evaluations identify strengths and improvements after instruction.